bodyType

customContents

entityId

entityUuid

articlePageQuery

filter

article

articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle

articleListArticle

articleSeoArticle

helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle

hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle

hooksTrackPageViewArticle

hooksContentInterestArticle

articleLinkingDataContent

articleSchemaContent

liveArticle

advertZone

sentiment

contentLock

topics

types

sections

moreOnThisArticles

urlAlias

commentCount

authorLocations

authors

paywallTypes

corrections

sponsorType

displaySlideShow

multimediaEmbed

printHeadline

seriesContainer

socialHeadline

headline

flag

firstTopic

glossary

flattenTypeIds

publishedDate

additionalInfoBoxes

images

image

relatedLinks

relatedNewsletters

__typename

createdDate

sponsor

factSheets

seriesReverseOrder

series

disableOffPlatformContent

published

updatedDate

summary

subHeadline

body

keywords

readingTime

customTimezone

liveContents

Associated Press

Is sexism getting in the way of good science?
An essay published in Thursday’s edition of the journal Science argues that the stereotypes that have plagued women since at least the 1800s – that they are emotional creatures who are more prone to hormone-fuelled mood swings than men – have also affected decades of neuroscience research involving mice and other animals.
Until recently, most neuroscience labs have conducted their experiments on males only, said essay author Rebecca Shanksy, a neuroscientist at Northeastern University in Boston. Scientists justified this exclusion by claiming that fluctuating hormone levels in females had the potential to make test results “messy”.
This was true even for research involving disorders that are more likely to affect women, like depression and PTSD.

See how they run: watch these mice in Nasa’s rodent habitat learn new way to play in space
“I came to realise that we are viewing female rodents as research subjects through the same lens that we talk about women in society,” Shanksy said. “That is problematic if we are supposed to be objective scientists.”
The issue isn’t merely theoretical, she added. It has led to tangible consequences for women’s health.
Leaders of the National Institutes of Health agree.
In 2015, the NIH, which spends more money on medical research than any other entity in the world, issued a mandate requiring scientists to conduct their experiments on both male and female animals to qualify for funding grants as of 2016.
The policy change prompted moaning and groaning at conferences and on social media from researchers who had never worked with female mice before. They publicly agonised over how to design experiments that would account for the variability of ovarian hormones and worried about the logistics of tracking the estrous cycle in female mice (not to mention the expense of adding a second cohort to their studies).
It felt like a double standard ... And I could see very quickly that this paralleled the way we think about women’s dispositions compared to men’s in humans
Rebecca Shanksy
Some even wondered if it would be simplest to remove their ovaries altogether.
The bellyaching inspired Shansky to write the essay.
“The more I heard people talk about it, the more riled up I got,” she said.
What especially got under her skin was the underlying assumption that a rigorous study of the female mouse brain required all kinds of manipulations to compensate for female hormones – and that this was not the case with males.
“It felt like a double standard,” she said. “And I could see very quickly that this paralleled the way we think about women’s dispositions compared to men’s in humans.”
It is well documented that ovarian hormones in female mice fluctuate over the course of a four- to five-day cycle. However, studies have also shown that male mice have hormonal disparities as well.
For instance, scientists have known since the 1970s that when male mice are housed in groups, they form a hierarchical structure. Dominant males can have up to five times more testosterone circulating in their systems than subordinate mice, Shanksy said.
And indeed, most mice used in lab experiments are housed in groups.
Hey Siri, you’re sexist, UN report finds

More than 40 per cent of insect species declining, threatening ‘catastrophic’ results, says study
“Both testosterone and oestrogen are powerful neuromodulators,” Shansky wrote in the Science essay. If variations in oestrogen levels in female mice can muddy the results of a study, surely it follows that variations in testosterone in male mice would do the same.
But that is not how researchers have traditionally seen it.
“When male animals make up the majority of experimental subjects, basic scientists mostly considered hormonal variability a non-issue,” Shansky wrote.
Other neuroscientists confirmed that in the past, most researchers in the field relied on male rodents for their studies and that many are afraid of the complicating factor of female hormones.
“Since the 1960s, using male mice was absolutely the default unless you were studying reproduction,” said Margaret McCarthy, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
If we don’t do the experiments in female mice, then you are just providing more fodder for leaving out women in clinical trials, or treating them like they are just defective males
Neuroscientist Gül Dölen,
She pointed to a 2010 study in Neuroscience Biobehaviour Review that found that studies of male animals outnumbered those of females by a factor or 5.5 to 1. That study also reported that male bias in animal studies had increased over the last half-century.
McCarthy spent the last 25 years advocating for the inclusion of female animals in scientific studies. Ironically, she thinks the roots of the disparity can be traced in part to the 1960s and ‘70s, when the notion of equality between the sexes began to gain ground.
“There was this idea that men and women are the same and women can do everything a man can do,” she said.
Back then, a male neuroscientist who went looking for differences between a female brain and a male brain would likely have been skewered by his peers, she said.
Later, research showed that hormones can affect cognitive parts of the brain, McCarthy said. That convinced some scientists that if hormones were the variable separating male and female brains, they could easily eliminate that variable by running their experiments exclusively on males.
“It seemed like sound experimental design,” she said.
Chinese and US scientists unveil battery-free pacemaker powered by the heartbeats of pigs
But it wasn’t. As scientists would later discover, male and female brains do not function exactly the same, either in rodents or in humans.
The failure to run preclinical experiments on both male and female animals means that in many cases, differences in the ways a new drug might affect the female brain were not detected until it was too late.
In fact, the practice of excluding female animals from basic research has resulted in medicines with a higher rate of adverse side effects in women, scientists said.
“It starts right from the beginning,” said Gül Dölen, a neuroscientist at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. “If we don’t do the experiments in female mice, then you are just providing more fodder for leaving out women in clinical trials, or treating them like they are just defective males.”
Whether the NIH’s policy shift will lead to significant change remains to be seen, McCarthy said.
“We are still in the middle of experiment,” she said. “We have a whole lot of people with grants that were funded in the last two to three years who said they are going to look at males and females. We’ll have to wait and see if they actually did it.”


Researchers avoiding hormonal female mice sparks call for rethink on sexism in science

A healthy adult mouse with offspring in a science lab. Photo: Leyun Wang

A laboratory staff demonstrating procedures involved in a mice experiment. In a study, by a team led by University of Hong Kong scientists, a chemical compound called AM580 was found to be able to inhibit the activities of seven to eight types of virus, including Sars, Mers, and the bird flu H7N9. 09JAN19 SCMP / Elizabeth Cheung

A technician loads mice containers onto a rack at a Cyagen Biosciences Inc. facility in Taicang, Jiangsu province, China, on Monday, March 18, 2019. Cyagen is raising 8,000 mice and 2,500 rats in a pathogen-free facility in a science park on the outskirts of Guangzhou. Itís also converted a former clothing factory near Shanghai, enabling the 13-year-old company to supply another 100,000 custom-bred laboratory animals to universities and pharmaceutical companies undertaking everything from basic scientific research to complex drug-development projects. Photographer: Qilai Shen/Bloomberg

News

World

United States & Canada

Tech

Science & Research

Essay in the journal Science argues that the stereotypes that have plagued women since at least the 1800s have also affected decades of neuroscience research involving mice and other animals


Women and gender