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Kylie Knott

Gigi Choy

As the coronavirus death toll rises, health authorities are trying to control or even halt the spreading epidemic by tracking down “patient zero” – the first person to have been infected by the disease.
Covid-19, the official name of the illness caused by the virus, has infected more than 82,000 people worldwide and killed at least 2,800.
It has spread to at least 44 countries outside China. But the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on Monday that the coronavirus was “not yet” a worldwide epidemic, or “pandemic”.
Here are the essential things to know about the hunt for patient zero.


What is “patient zero”?
Although the term patient zero can be used interchangeably with “index case” and generally refers to the first person infected by a communicable disease in an outbreak, in the Covid-19 epidemic, there are several patient zeros. That is according to Sarah Borwein, who works in the infectious diseases field at Hong Kong’s Central Health Medical Practice.
“For example, we know who patient zero is in the big cluster in South Korea, and that is helping to trace all the contacts and understand what happened,” she said. “But we don’t know who patient zero was in the Iran cluster, or the cluster in Italy.”
South Korea has reported more than 1,500 confirmed Covid-19 cases and at least 13 fatalities. The biggest cluster of infections has been linked to a secretive Christian church in the southeastern city of Daegu. At the centre of the church cluster is a 61-year-old female member of the sect, who is South Korea’s 31st case. Korea Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has described the outbreak there as a “super-spreading event”.
Meanwhile, Chinese officials are still trying to trace the epidemic back to its source in China. The first coronavirus case was reported to the WHO on December 31 and has been linked to Wuhan’s Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market. However, a new study published by a team of Chinese scientists last week said the virus might have been imported from somewhere else.


The first known Covid-19 patient, a male who showed symptoms on December 8, had been discharged but said he was not at the Huanan market, the Wuhan government said in a Weibo post on Wednesday.
“We don’t know who the very first patient zero was, presumably in Wuhan, and that leaves a lot of unanswered questions about how the outbreak started and how it initially spread,” Borwein said.
Why is it important to find them?
Knowing who patient zero was would help prevent future outbreaks and provide information about how to prevent transmission, Borwein said. But as time passes, identifying the index case grows increasingly difficult.
“Figuring out who patient zero was wouldn’t give us all the answers but it would help to map the path the virus has taken and how it’s travelling,” she said. “It’s hard to draw that map without knowing where it starts.”
John Nicholls, a University of Hong Kong clinical professor in pathology, said identifying patient zero during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) epidemic in 2002-03 was vital from an epidemiological perspective, as it highlighted the mode of its spread.
The disease, which infected over 8,000 and killed 813 people globally, was traced to a 64-year-old medical professor from Guangzhou, who had infected at least 13 tourists staying at the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong.


But Nicholls, who was an important member of the 2003 research team that isolated and characterised the Sars coronavirus, which is in the same family as the current virus, said the sheer number of infections in the current epidemic meant finding the patient zeros was a huge challenge.
“There are so many outbreaks and hotspots around the world, and this virus appears to spread more rapidly than Sars, so it’s going to be a big challenge to accurately pinpoint patient zero,” he said. “Epidemiological resources would be better at mitigating the spread rather than looking back.”
US coronavirus outbreak now inevitable, leading health official warns
Borwein, who worked as head of infection control for a hospital in Beijing and in outbreak communication during the Sars epidemic, said people must be wary of the language they use when talking about patient zero, because it had the potential to fuel xenophobia and panic.
“We talk about a ‘desperate hunt’ or a ‘panicked hunt’ for patient zero – and because coronavirus started in China, and patient zero was probably Chinese, it can easily fuel discrimination and racism,” she said. “It’s important to understand that patient zero is a clue, not a criminal.”
What are some examples of Covid-19 patient zeros?
Most coronavirus patient zeros came from Wuhan in central China’s Hubei province, the epicentre of the outbreak. That includes patient zeros in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore and the Philippines.
The first Covid-19 case outside China was reported on January 13 in Thailand. The patient was a 61-year-old Chinese woman from Wuhan who travelled to Bangkok with family members in a tour group.
Two days later, Japan confirmed the second coronavirus case outside China: a man in his 30s who lived in Kanagawa prefecture, southwest of Tokyo. The man had travelled to Wuhan and been in close contact with a pneumonia patient in the city.


Around a week later, on January 23, the US’ Centres for Disease Control and Prevention reported the country’s first American coronavirus case, a 35 year-old Washington state man who had visited family in Wuhan.
There have also been incidents of human-to-human transmission among Covid-19 patient zeros.
Vietnam confirmed two cases of the virus on January 23. A 65-year-old man from Wuhan met up with his son, 27, who works in the country and did not travel to China. The father developed a fever on January 17 and the son showed the same symptoms three days later, doctors said in The New England Journal of Medicine on January 28.
China introduces targeted coronavirus controls for each county
This family cluster suggested an instance of person-to-person transmission, the WHO said.
Germany also reported what is believed to be the first human-to-human transmission case in Europe on January 28.
A 33-year-old German man contracted the disease after attending a training session given by his Chinese colleague in the state of Bavaria. The female colleague, who is from Shanghai, had recently returned from visiting her parents in Wuhan, said Andreas Zapf, head of the Bavarian State Office for Health and Food Safety.
 

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Coronavirus pandemic

Coronavirus: the hunt for ‘patient zero’ – and why the world’s health may depend on it

Authorities say finding ‘patient zero’ would help answer crucial questions about the origin of the coronavirus. Photo: Bloomberg

Coronavirus: US outbreak now inevitable, leading American health official warns

A woman wears a face mask while purchasing bottles of rubbing alcohol at a Costco in California on February 4, 2020. Nancy Messonnier of the CDC says ‘data over the last week’ has raised expectation of ‘community spread’ in the United States. Photo: AFP

Police officers wear protective masks as they close a hotel near the city centre in Innsbruck, Austria, on February 25, 2020 after a woman who worked here has been confirmed infected with the coronavirus. - Two people in Austria have tested positive for the new coronavirus, authorities said on February 25, marking the country's first cases after an outbreak in northern Italy. (Photo by Johann GRODER / APA / AFP) / Austria OUT

WASHINGTON, DC - FEBRUARY 25: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Principal Deputy Director Anne Schuchat speaks about the coronavirus while flanked by HHS Secretary Alex Azar (L) and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony Fauci during a press briefing on the administration's response to COVID-19 at the Department of Health and Human Services headquarters on February 25, 2020 in Washington, DC. The Trump administration has requested $2.5 billion to help combat the virus as administration officials today faced questions about the nation's readiness to deal with a possible outbreak in the United States. Mark Wilson/Getty Images/AFP == FOR NEWSPAPERS, INTERNET, TELCOS & TELEVISION USE ONLY ==

Nancy Messonnier, a top US health official, says a community spread of coronavirus in the United States is now inevitable. Photo: Reuters

China starts screening members of South Korean sect for coronavirus

The Shincheonji church in Daegu is linked to a cluster of infections. Photo: Xinhua

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Identifying first person infected would help answer crucial questions about the virus and possibly prevent future outbreaks
But as time passes, tracking down the index case grows increasingly difficult



Identifying the first person infected would help answer crucial questions about the virus. But as time passes, tracking them down grows more difficult.


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Explainer | Coronavirus: the hunt for ‘patient zero’ – and why the world’s health may depend on it

Identifying first person infected would help answer crucial questions about the virus and possibly prevent future outbreaks But as time passes, tracking down the index case grows increasingly difficult

What is “patient zero”?

Identifying first person infected would help answer crucial questions about the virus and possibly prevent future outbreaks

But as time passes, tracking down the index case grows increasingly difficult