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Thomson Reuters Foundation

A decade after an earthquake killed 87,000 people, China’s investment in disaster preparedness means a similar loss of life is unlikely, say experts who urged other Asian nations to follow suit.
The massive quake that rocked China’s southwestern province of Sichuan on the afternoon of May 12, 2008, left about 10,000 children dead, many buried under rubble when their schools collapsed.
With almost 5 million people homeless and facing a public backlash in the aftermath of the quake, China has since invested heavily to transform the way it prepares and responds to earthquakes, according to disaster experts.
“Out of the Sichuan tragedy has come huge progress,” said Loretta Hieber Girardet, Asia-Pacific chief for the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).
Rebuilding after Sichuan earthquake, one brick and one life at a time
China had “taken very strong measures to ensure that the loss of life and economic losses would not be the same in a future earthquake”, she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Although China is the most earthquake-prone nation in Asia, other countries in the region – like the Philippines, Myanmar, Nepal, India, Indonesia and Japan – face similar threats.
Many of them are also experiencing unprecedented urbanisation, which experts say makes it vital that they improve their disaster preparedness and response capabilities.
“More and more people are living in hazard-prone areas or assets built along fault lines, which increases the risk,” said Arghya Sinha Roy, a disaster risk specialist at the Asian Development Bank in Manila.
Over the past 50 years, China has experienced an average of three earthquakes a year, leaving 380,000 people dead and affecting more than 75 million people, according to the UNISDR.
In addition to the loss of lives and livelihoods, the UN agency estimates that the average annual cost due to future earthquakes in China will be about US$7 billion.


Given that the Sichuan quake destroyed an estimated 1.5 million homes and more than 7,400 schools, two of the most critical steps China had since taken were to strictly enforce building codes and improve safety at schools, Girardet said.
“The big cause of death and destruction in the Sichuan earthquake was the collapse of buildings that had been quite shabbily constructed,” she said.
As well as retrofitting and rebuilding many schools in quake-prone areas, China is educating children about the risks and hazards relating to quakes and what to do in a disaster.
In addition to regular school drills, Beijing has pledged more than US$31 million over the next five years to develop seismic science and technology.
Dedicated satellites also help track and monitor hazards – be they earthquakes, storms and mudslides – 24 hours a day.
‘I’m numb to it all’: the devastating legacy of Sichuan earthquake
China’s Prepared Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas programme had also reduced risks, said Saini Yang, a professor of disaster risk reduction at Beijing Normal University.
The initiative pairs more developed provinces and cities with disaster-prone areas so that they can provide assistance, expertise and financial support before and after disasters.
The speed and efficiency of Chinese authorities in post-quake reconstruction efforts had also been critical in limiting the impact on economic growth and on people’s lives, said Saini, who advises the government when disasters happen. 
China also now has 700,000 people trained as disaster reporters, who can quickly collect information for regional and central governments on the impact of an earthquake.






A new emergency management ministry was inaugurated last month, which helps coordinate efforts to reduce risks rather than having them spread over several government ministries and departments.
“They have attempted to bring all these together under a central authority and this will allow them to both look at prevention and response to disasters in a more cohesive manner,” Girardet said.
Asia-Pacific is the most disaster-prone region in the world, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
Earthquakes and tsunamis have been catastrophic, including the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Japan’s 2011 tsunami and the 2015 earthquake in Nepal.
“Far more investment is required in this area across the board,” Girardet said. “The colliding impact of climate change, urbanisation, ongoing poverty and inequality in the region, all mean that the risks are ever-growing.”
Retrofitting buildings to make them safer when quakes strike is expensive, but that should not deter authorities from making a start, said Jolanta Kryspin-Watson, a disaster risk specialist at the World Bank in Singapore.
Building regulations should be updated and then enforced to ensure that new infrastructure and buildings are more resilient to earthquakes, disaster experts said.
Students and teachers should be educated about quake safety, so they can pass the knowledge on to their communities, especially in remote areas, Kryspin-Watson said.
‘Our little miracle’: the children and the childless of the Sichuan earthquake
Governments also need to invest in early warning systems like those in Japan where sensors pick up tremors before the quake strikes, disaster experts said.
Even a 20- to 40-second warning can make a difference and save lives by giving people the chance to escape a building or get under a table.
“A lot more has to happen,” said the Asian Development Bank’s Sinha Roy. 
“Earthquakes are not like flooding and other hazards that you can predict – preparedness always has to be a priority at both the community and city-wide level.” 


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People gathered on Saturday at the site of the ruined Xuankou Middle School for a ceremony to mark the 10th anniversary of the Sichuan earthquake. Photo: Xinhua

People mourn near a damaged building in Beichuan in southwestern China's Sichuan province, Saturday, May 12, 2018. Saturday was the tenth anniversary of a devastating earthquake in China's Sichuan province that killed tens of thousands of people, including large numbers of schoolchildren who died when poorly-built schools collapsed during the temblor. (Chinatopix via AP)

epa06729727 A Chinese visitor visits the destroyed buildings due to 2008 Sichuan earthquake at the 10th anniversary of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, in Beichuan county, southwestern China's Sichuan province, 12 May 2018. The 10th anniversary of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake which struck the Sichuan Province where almost 90,000 people were killed or went missing is 12 May 2008. EPA-EFE/WU HONG

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China has taken strong measures to ensure that any loss of life and economic losses will be reduced if future earthquakes strike, say UN experts
