UN failures over Ukraine just the latest sign that multilateralism is on the brink of collapse
Multilateral institutions have been declining as regionalism and informal agreements such as the Quad and the RCEP proliferate – raising serious challenges on how to address global issues from the refugee crisis to climate change
The failure of the United Nations to act on the Russian invasion of Ukraine should not surprise anyone. This appears to be merely the latest demonstration of a two-decade-long trend of the growing ineffectiveness of global multilateral institutions in addressing the world’s diplomatic, security and socioeconomic challenges.
In its place, two competing forces seem to be at play. First, there has been a rise in the use of informal arrangements, such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). Second, there has been a proliferation in the use of regional arrangements.
Both have weakened multilateral institutions and could mark a return to the decades of Cold War confrontation and raise questions about the long-term viability of multilateral institutions.
After the Cold War ended, multilateralism revealed its strengths in the more united world order that emerged.
Important successes since 1992 include the UN Security Council’s pivotal role in resolving the Balkan region conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the 1992-95 Bosnian war and the Kosovo conflict of 1998-99; the International Atomic Energy Agency’s role in implementing the October 1994 Agreed Framework on North Korea; the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995; and, the World Health Organization’s management of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) pandemic.
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UN votes to condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine, but China again stays silent
UN votes to condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine, but China again stays silent
The weakening of multilateralism began with differences over Iraq in 2002 in the UN Security Council. The United States, having failed to persuade France and Russia – both permanent members – to authorise the invasion of Iraq, created an ad hoc coalition of the willing for the purpose. In 2013, the US again failed to gain Security Council approval for a military intervention in Syria, and again created an ad hoc coalition for the purpose.
The above examples show a causal line from a failed attempt at multilateralism to an informal global coalition. In other cases, regionalism emerged as a preferred alternative. Such thinking motivated the six-party talks on North Korea’s denuclearisation in 2003.
In 2009, when a dormant dispute over maritime rights in the South China Sea resurfaced, the failure of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to resolve the issue was followed by a shift in negotiations to Asean, which has since been negotiating a code of conduct on the matter with China.
Similarly, the WTO’s failures on dispute resolution and services trade have meant that it is no longer at the centre of international trade coordination, with regional bodies such as the Asia-focused Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership increasingly coordinating trade.
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RCEP: 15 Asia-Pacific countries sign world’s largest free-trade deal
RCEP: 15 Asia-Pacific countries sign world’s largest free-trade deal
The above discussion illustrates that the alternatives to multilateralism have a mixed record. But at least alternatives exist. For some types of public services, such as food aid, refugee support, healthcare and climate change, the alternatives to multilateral institutions are limited. In such cases, a turn away from multilateralism usually adversely affects outcomes.
For instance, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports ever larger funding gaps each year. Its programmes for refugees from Yemen are only 12 per cent funded for this year, leading to the closure of several aid programmes. Afghanistan’s refugee programmes are only 30 per cent funded for the year. As the UNHCR has shrunk, no viable alternatives have appeared.
On climate change, in the past decade, the lack of trust between developed and developing countries has significantly widened, leading to several stalemates.
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Climate deal to ‘phase down’ coal reached at COP26 as nations seek to avert climate disaster
Climate deal to ‘phase down’ coal reached at COP26 as nations seek to avert climate disaster
At the most recent COP26 UN conference on climate change in Glasgow, held last October-November, the weak commitments by nations led one observer to note that “as regards all the most important pledges to phase out coal, reduce subsidies and protect forests, Glasgow failed”.
Why does multilateralism seem to be losing out? There do not seem to be any clear-cut answers. It may be that multilateralism does not do well in today’s multipolar world, a period that began with China’s rise and Russia’s resurgence in the 2000-2010 period.
It may be no coincidence, then, that multilateralism was successful only during the unipolar decade that followed the Cold War.
The problems may also lie within multilateralism. Many multilateral institutions need reform, due to their dated rules. Reforms are often politically difficult to accomplish, leading to the creation of regional or informal alternatives that can take concerted and quick action.
Will the decline continue? Today’s two great powers, the US and China, seem to have different views, making the outcome hard to predict. The former seems to be less interested in multilateralism these days. Donald Trump accelerated the shift away from multilateralism that began with president George W. Bush in 2001.
Even the Biden administration, while reclaiming some participation in the multilateral institutions that Trump had rejected (such as the WHO), has preferred informal and regional approaches (as illustrated by the Quad and the Aukus alliance, a trilateral security pact between Australia, Britain and the US) over multilateralism.
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US, UK, Australia announce ‘historic’ military partnership in Pacific
US, UK, Australia announce ‘historic’ military partnership in Pacific
China, on the other hand, is expanding its commitment to formal and global institutions, albeit those aligned with its norms and objectives, and has even created a major multilateral initiative of its own, the Belt and Road Initiative.
Multilateralism’s failure, if it happens, could raise significant challenges on how to address global public issues. Whether its replacement will be rules-based regionalism, or informal, global “coalitions of the willing”, is hard to say. Either way, the collapse of multilateralism may be a distinct and unwelcome possibility.
Rafiq Dossani is director of the RAND Center for Asia-Pacific Policy and a senior economist at the non-profit, non-partisan RAND Corp
